Continental Shelf

A continental shelf is the gently sloping underwater extension of a continent edge, generally reaching depths of about 200 meters. Continental shelves are rich in oil, natural gas, minerals, and fisheries, making them economically vital.

Under UNCLOS, coastal states have sovereign rights over natural resources on their continental shelf. Where shelves extend beyond 200 nautical miles, claims up to 350nm are possible. Russia, Canada, and Australia have made extended shelf claims.

Countries with wide continental shelves tend to have abundant seabed resources. The North Sea shelf produces oil and gas for the UK and Norway. The South China Sea shelf is contested by multiple nations.